Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Survey on Machine Learning-based Methods
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2020.137219Keywords:
cognitive radio, cooperative spectrum sensing, IEEE 802.22, machine learning, spectrum sensingAbstract
The continuous growth of demand experienced by wireless networks creates a spectrum availability challenge. Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising solution capable of overcoming spectrum scarcity. It is an intelligent radio technology that may be programmed and dynamically configured to avoid interference and congestion in cognitive radio networks (CRN). Spectrum sensing (SS) is a cognitive radio life cycle task aiming to detect spectrum holes. A number of innovative approaches are devised to monitor the spectrum and to determine when these holes are present. The purpose of this survey is to investigate some of these schemes which are constructed based on machine learning concepts and principles. In addition, this review aims to present a general classification of these machine learningbased schemes.
Downloads
References
[1] V. Ramani and S. K. Sharma, „Cognitive radios: A survey on spectrum sensing, security and spectrum handoff", China Commun., vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 185-208, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CC.2017.8233660
View in Google Scholar
[2] A. Ali and W. Hamouda, „Advances on spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks: Theory and applications", IEEE Commun. Surveys & Tutor., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1277-1304, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2631080
View in Google Scholar
[3] Y. Arjoune and N. Kaabouch, „A comprehensive survey on spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: Recent advances, new challenges, and future research directions", Sensors, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1277-1304, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/s19010126
View in Google Scholar
[4] E. Ghazizadeh, D. Abbasi-moghadam, and H. Nezamabadi-pour, „An enhanced two-phase SVM algorithm for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks", Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 32, no. 2, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3856
View in Google Scholar
[5] Y. Lu, P. Zhu, D. Wang, and M. Fattouche, „Machine learning techniques with probability vector for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks", in Proc. 2016 IEEE Wirel. Commun. And Network. Conf., Doha, Qatar, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2016.7564840
View in Google Scholar
[6] W. Lee, M. Kim, and D.-H. Cho, „Deep cooperative sensing: Cooperative spectrum sensing based on convolutional neural networks", IEEE Trans. on Veh. Technol., vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 3005-3009, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2019.2891291
View in Google Scholar
[7] M. A. Aref, S. Machuzak, S. K. Jayaweera, and S. Lane, „Replicated q-learning based sub-band selection for wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radios", in Proc. 2016 IEEE/CIC Int. Conf. on Commun. in China ICCC 2016, Chengdu, China, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCChina.2016.7636732
View in Google Scholar
[8] Y. Zhang, J. Zheng, and H.-H. Chen, Cognitive Radio Networks: Architectures, Protocols, and Standards. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2016 (ISBN: 9781420077759).
View in Google Scholar
[9] Y.-C. Liang, K.-C. Chen, G. Y. Li, and P. Mahonen, „Cognitive radio networking and communications: An overview", IEEE Trans. on Veh. Technol., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 3386-3407, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2011.2158673
View in Google Scholar
[10] V. Kumar, D. C. Kandpal, M. Jain, R. Gangopadhyay, and S. Debnath, „K-mean clustering based cooperative spectrum sensing in generalized k -m fading channels", in Proc. 2016 22nd National Conf. on Commun. NCC 2016, Guwahati, India, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/NCC.2016.7561130
View in Google Scholar
[11] G. C. Sobabe, Y. Song, X. Bai, and B. Guo, „A cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm based on unsupervised learning", in Proc. 10th Int. Congr. on Image and Sig. Process., BioMedical Engin. and Inform. CISP-BMEI 2017, Shanghai, China, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CISP-BMEI.2017.8302156
View in Google Scholar
[12] C. Sun, Y. Wang, P. Wan, and Y. Du, „A cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm based on principal component analysis and k-medoids clustering", in Proc. 33rd Youth Academic Ann. Conf. of Chinese Assoc. of Autom. YAC 2018, Nanjing, China, 2018, pp. 835-839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/YAC.2018.8406487
View in Google Scholar
[13] S. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Li, P. Wan, Y. Zhang, and N. Li, „A cooperative spectrum sensing method based on information geometry and fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm", EURASIP J. on Wirel. Commun. and Network., vol. 2019, no. 1, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1338-z
View in Google Scholar
[14] Y. Hassan, M. El-Tarhuni, and K. Assaleh, „Learning-based spectrum sensing for cognitive radio systems", J. of Comp. Netw. And Commun., vol. 2012, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/259824
View in Google Scholar
[15] K.-j. Lei, Y.-h. Tan, X. Yang, and H.-r. Wang, „A k-means clustering based blind multiband spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radio", J. of Central South Univer., vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2451-2461, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-018-3928-z
View in Google Scholar
[16] H. B. Ahmad, „Ensemble classiffier based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks", Wirel. Commun. and Mob. Comput., vol. 2019, Article ID 9250562, 2019.
View in Google Scholar
[17] A. Paul and S. P. Maity, „Kernel fuzzy c-means clustering on energy detection based cooperative spectrum sensing", Digit. Commun. And Netw., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 196-205, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2016.09.002
View in Google Scholar
[18] J. Oksanen, J. Lund_en, and V. Koivunen, „Reinforcement learning based sensing policy optimization for energy efficient cognitive radio networks", Neurocomput., vol. 80, pp. 102-110, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2011.07.027
View in Google Scholar
[19] X.-L. Huang et al., „Intelligent cooperative spectrum sensing via hierarchical dirichlet process in cognitive radio networks", IEEE J. on Selec. Areas in Commun., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 771-787, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2014.2361075
View in Google Scholar
[20] O. P. Awe and S. Lambotharan, „Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using multi-class support vector machine algorithms", in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Sig. Process. and Commun. Syst. ICSPCS 2015, Cairns, QLD, Australia, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSPCS.2015.7391780
View in Google Scholar
[21] Y. Xu, P. Cheng, Z. Chen, Y. Li, and B. Vucetic, „Mobile collaborative spectrum sensing for heterogeneous networks: A Bayesian machine learning approach", IEEE Trans. on Sig. Process., vol. 66, no. 21, pp. 5634-5647, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2018.2870379
View in Google Scholar
[22] A. M. Wyglinski, M. Nekovee, and T. Hou, Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks: Principles and Practice. Academic Press, 2009 (ISBN: 9780123747150).
View in Google Scholar
[23] C. Cordeiro, K. Challapali, D. Birru, and S. Shankar, „IEEE 802.22: the first worldwide wireless standard based on cognitive radios", in Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Symp. on New Front. in Dynam. Spec. Access Netw. DySPAN 2005, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2005, pp. 328-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/DYSPAN.2005.1542649
View in Google Scholar
[24] Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, P. Wan, S. Zhang, and J. Yang, „A spectrum sensing method based on empirical mode decomposition and k-means clustering algorithm", Wirel. Commun. and Mob. Comput., vol. 2018, Article ID 6104502, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6104502
View in Google Scholar
[25] B. Liu, Z. Li, J. Si, and F. Zhou, „Blind continuous hidden Markov model-based spectrum sensing and recognition for primary user with multiple power levels", IET Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1396-1403, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2015.0090
View in Google Scholar
[26] M. R. Vyas, D. Patel, and M. Lopez-Benitez, „Artificial neural network based hybrid spectrum sensing scheme for cognitive radio", in Proc. IEEE 28th Ann. Int. Symp. on Pers., Indoor, and Mob. Radio Commun. PIMRC 2017, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2017.8292449
View in Google Scholar
[27] S. Jan, V.-H. Vu, and I. Koo, „Throughput maximization using an SVM for multi-class hypothesis-based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio", Appl. Sci., vol. 8, no. 3, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app8030421
View in Google Scholar
[28] O. P. Awe, A. Deligiannis, and S. Lambotharan, „Spatio-temporal spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using beamformer-aided SVM algorithms", IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 25377-25388, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2825603
View in Google Scholar
[29] T. Yucek and H. Arslan, „A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications", IEEE Commun. Surv. & Tutor., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 116-130, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2009.090109
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.